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Mental health conditions

What is antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)?

ASPD can affect behavior, relationships, and decision-making. Learn how antisocial personality disorder is diagnosed, what symptoms look like, and how treatment works.

July 17, 2026

By Ryan DeCook, LCSW • Clinically reviewed by Caitlin Pugh, LCSW

7 min read

By Ryan DeCook, LCSW • Clinically reviewed by Caitlin Pugh, LCSW

When you or someone close to you exhibits troubling mental health symptoms — leading to things like relationship problems, impulsive patterns, or legal issues — it may feel difficult. There’s seemingly unlimited information available online, making even casual research feel overwhelming. Plus, the internet can’t definitively tell you whether something is a difficult personality trait or a true personality disorder. 

This guide will help you learn about antisocial personality disorder, or ASPD, laying out the symptoms, the causes, how it gets diagnosed, and what treatments are available. Understanding these can help you make more informed decisions on how to move forward. 

Key insights

1

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a recognised mental health condition that can (and should only) be diagnosed by a licensed mental health provider.

2

ASPD is often associated with antisocial behavior, a lack of empathy, and a tendency toward manipulation or dishonesty.

3

Having ASPD does not inherently make someone “bad.” While ASPD can cause strife in relationships and may require firm boundaries, it is also a treatable condition. People with ASPD have seen improvements in their lives with therapy and/or medication when working with licensed mental health providers.

What is antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)?

ASPD is a long-term pattern of disregarding social norms, others’ rights, and the law. There are often impulsive and reckless behaviors associated with it, which can include substance abuse. 

When someone has ASPD, relationships can be affected by patterns like irritability, manipulation, dishonesty, and difficulty showing empathy or remorse. This can make it hard to build or maintain close connections. These traits start in childhood or adolescence, with signs of conduct disorder — a pattern of rule-breaking and aggression in childhood — typically present before age 15. While some rebellion is perfectly natural in a child’s development, ASPD is different from occasional rule-breaking or impulsive behavior.

ASPD is diagnosed by a licensed medical or mental health professional based on specific criteria they are trained to assess for. You should never try to diagnose yourself or a loved one with ASPD. 

What causes antisocial personality disorder?

Healthcare providers and researchers have not been able to prove an exact cause of ASPD. Research points to a combination of biological, genetic, and environmental contributors. Your risk may be higher if a family member has been diagnosed. 

Environmental factors such as childhood abuse and neglect, as well as family violence and instability, are risk factors. Early experiences that disrupt healthy emotional development may also affect how empathy and impulse control develop over time. 

Some research suggests that ASPD is associated with differences in how the brain regulates serotonin, a chemical involved in mood and impulse control. These differences are linked to difficulties with aggression and impulsivity.

Signs and symptoms of antisocial personality disorder

There are some key signs that can help determine if you or a loved one has ASPD. These symptoms are behavioral patterns that mental health professionals evaluate as part of the formal criteria: 

  • Superficial charm or socially engaging behavior: You or someone you care about may seem charming and engaging on the surface, but these social skills may not reflect genuine emotions underneath.
  • Manipulation or exploitation of others: That same charm can be used to control or manipulate people. You may notice patterns of lying or deception, with relationships used as a means to an end rather than genuine connection.
  • Repeated rule-breaking or unlawful behavior: You or someone you care about may struggle to follow social norms and laws, which can lead to arrests or legal trouble over time. 
  • Disregard for personal or others’ safety: Safety, whether their own or others’, often takes a back seat. This can involve things like reckless driving, high-risk sexual behavior, or taking others into dangerous situations. 
  • Irritability, aggression, or hostility: Emotions can run high. Anger can come up frequently during interactions with others, which may lead to being hostile and aggressive. 
  • Impulsivity or difficulty planning ahead: Decisions may be made quickly or without much thought about the consequences, which can create problems in relationships, work, or finances. 
  • Substance use or risky behaviors: Those same patterns of impulsivity and disregard for safety can extend to substance use, risky sexual behavior, or law-breaking activities.
  • Lack of remorse after harmful actions: When actions cause harm or consequences, you may notice little remorse and instead see blame-shifting, minimizing, or indifference to the impact on others. 

How is antisocial personality disorder diagnosed?

ASPD cannot be self-diagnosed. It is always done by a licensed medical or mental health provider. They usually consider several key factors.

Clinical assessment and diagnostic criteria

A mental health professional will interview you or a loved one and ask a lot of different questions. They’ll be looking for the signs and symptoms of ASPD that are described in the mental health diagnosis guide (DSM-5-TR).

Diagnosis requires at least three to seven possible symptoms in people ages 18 or older, evidence of conduct disorder before age 15, and that the behavior does not occur only from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Oftentimes, the provider will talk to family members or other loved ones and review legal documents or previous treatment records to help get a full picture.

Screening and assessment tools

There are no medical assessments such as blood tests that can help diagnose ASPD. However, part of the evaluation process can include structured questionnaires and assessment tools.

Structured clinical interviews, like the SCID-5-PD, happen when a provider works through a standardized set of questions about your history and behavior, giving the evaluation more consistency and depth. These tools support the process, but the final diagnosis always comes down to the clinician's overall judgment.

Differential diagnosis for antisocial personality disorder

Providers also need to separate ASPD from conditions with overlapping symptoms, such as substance use disorders, borderline personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia must also be ruled out, as ASPD cannot be diagnosed if the behavior occurs only during the course of these conditions.

How is antisocial personality disorder treated?

There is no complete cure for ASPD, but there are several approaches that can help improve symptoms and make it easier to manage. Some of the most common approaches are: 

  • Psychotherapy: Several types of therapy have shown benefit for ASPD. Cognitive and behavioral approaches, which help you or a loved one shift thoughts, actions, and decisions, are recommended in the treatment guidelines for ASPD. This has shown the most benefit in group settings, particularly for those dealing with substance use or legal issues. For people with both ASPD and borderline personality disorder, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has shown some benefit in reducing self-harming behaviors. Mentalization-based treatment (MBT-ASPD) is another promising approach that may help you understand others' perspectives, which can improve empathy and relationships.
  • Medications as prescribed by a medical doctor or licensed psychiatric care provider: There are no medications FDA-approved specifically for ASPD. However some medications can be utilized to help with aggression, impulsivity, mood changes, or other conditions someone might have concurrently (e.g. depression, anxiety). Medications that sometimes get prescribed for this include mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. Make sure to meet with a licensed prescriber before making any medication decisions. 
  • Professional substance use treatment when relevant: Because substance use so commonly adds to the challenges with ASPD, it can be important to get treated for that as well. This can take place with individual providers or in inpatient or outpatient substance-use treatment centers. Contingency management, a structured approach that uses rewards to encourage positive behavior, has shown it may also be useful when substance use is part of the picture.
  • Long-term treatment planning and monitoring: ASPD is often a chronic condition. Treatment and monitoring should follow this approach over the long-term. If you or a loved one is receiving treatment for ASPD, changes can happen, but they often happen slowly, over a long period of time. Setting these expectations can help reduce disappointment or dropping out of treatment. 

Note: Someone with ASPD may lack the desire to seek treatment. Treatment is most effective when the person with ASPD is willing and ready to make a change.

Understanding ASPD and exploring support options

Antisocial personality disorder can affect many areas of life including relationships, work, decision-making, and overall safety. ASPD can look slightly different from one person to the next, and treatment needs will vary from person to person.

Understanding the symptoms and treatment approaches for ASPD is a great first step. Next, you can connect with a licensed mental health professional who’ll help you better understand patterns, build coping strategies, and explore different treatment options. 

If you want to explore this further, Headway offers an easy-to-use directory full of in-network therapists and psychiatric care providers. You can search based on speciality, insurance plans, and other preferences to find the right match for you.

This content is for general informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute clinical, legal, financial, or professional advice. All decisions should be made at the discretion of the individual or organization, in consultation with qualified clinical, legal, or other appropriate professionals.

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Mental health conditions